Effectiveness of cinnamon in the reduction of lipid levels in people with diabetes: a randomized clinical trial / Eficacia de la canela en la reducción de los niveles de lípidos en personas con diabetes: un ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Efetividade da canela na redução de níveis lipídicos em pessoas com diabetes: ensaio clínico aleatorizado

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of cinnamon in reducing lipid levels in people with diabetes. Method: Randomized clinical trial of parallel groups, triple-blind, conducted in Basic Health Units in the state of Piauí in 2019. People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, between 18 and 80 years old, using oral antidiabetics, were included, and divided into two groups. The experimental group tested 3g of cinnamon for 90 days. Results: 140 people participated in the study. From these, the experimental group (n= 71) showed a reduction in mean levels of total cholesterol (p= 0.316 - CI 95% -24.9-8.1), LDL (p= 0.024 - CI 95% -29.3 -2.1) and triglycerides (p= 0.969 - 95% CI -28.6-27.5), and increased HDL (p= 0.001 - 95% CI 4.2-10.2). Conclusion: The use of 3g of cinnamon per day, for 90 days, seems to help reduce LDL values and increase HDL levels in patients with diabetes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la canela en la reducción de los niveles de lípidos en personas con diabetes. Método: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, triple ciego, de grupos paralelos, realizado en Unidades Básicas de Salud de Piauí en 2019. Personas con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, entre 18 y 80 años, usuarias de antidiabéticos orales, fueron divididas en dos grupos. El grupo experimental probó 3g de canela durante 90 días. Resultados: 140 personas participaron en el estudio. De estos, el grupo experimental (n= 71) mostró una reducción en los niveles medios de colesterol total (p= 0,316 - IC 95% -24,9-8,1), LDL (p= 0,024 - IC 95% -29,3 - 2,1) y triglicéridos (p= 0,969 - IC 95% -28,6-27,5) y HDL elevado (p= 0,001 - IC 95% 4,2-10,2). Conclusión: El uso de 3g de canela al día durante 90 días parece ayudar a reducir los valores de LDL y aumentar los niveles de HDL en pacientes con diabetes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade da canela na redução dos níveis lipídicos em pessoas com diabetes. Método: Ensaio clínico aleatorizado de grupos paralelos, triplo cego, realizado em Unidades Básicas de Saúde do estado do Piauí em 2019. Foram incluídas pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, entre 18 e 80 anos, em uso de antidiabéticos orais, e divididos em dois grupos. No grupo experimental testou-se 3g de canela por 90 dias. Resultados: 140 pessoas participaram do estudo. Destas, o grupo experimental (n= 71) apresentou redução na média dos níveis de colesterol total (p= 0,316 - IC 95% -24,9-8,1), LDL (p= 0,024 - IC 95% -29,3-2,1) e triglicerídeos (p= 0,969 - IC 95% -28,6-27,5), e aumento do HDL (p= 0,001 - IC95% 4,2-10,2). Conclusão: O uso de 3g de canela por dia, durante 90 dias, parece auxiliar na diminuição dos valores de LDL e aumento dos níveis de HDL em pacientes com diabetes.

In vivo protective effect of cinnamon aqueous extract in carbon tetrachloride-treated male albino rats

The liver as an organ is important for the metabolism of drugs and toxins. However, it is not immune from environmental insults. Exposure of liver cells to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) results in the generation of tricholoromethyl radicals, which induce liver toxicity. This study aims at investigating the ameliorative effect of the cinnamon aqueous extract (CAE) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats through the intraperitoneal administration of 0.5 mL kg-1body weight of CCl4. The analyses of the results obtained showed significant reduction in the levels of serum biochemical markers for 400 and 600 mg kg-1bw of CAE protected rats as compared with CCl4group. In addition, CAE administration reversed liver tissue damaged via increased antioxidants markers. Histopathological examination of CAE treatment on rats showed improved changes to the liver damage caused by CCl4 with no evidence of steatosis and inflammation. This result hence suggests that CAE has marked hepatoprotective and healing activities against CCl4-induced liver damage and could serve as a suitable candidate in drug discovery for the treatment of liver toxicity.

Phytochemical Profiles Of Three Traditional Medicinal Plants And Its Antimicrobial Activities

Objective: The objective of the current study was to compare the phytochemical composition and to evaluate the antibacterial properties of Cissus qudrangularis, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Trigonella foenum-graecum against the bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Bacillus circulans. Methods: Qualitative analysis and quantitative estimation of various phytochemical components were done using standard protocols. Antibacterial activity against gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Bacillus circulans was evaluated using standard protocol of agar well diffusion and disc diffusion assay. The zone of inhibition was calculated. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins and tannins in all three plant extracts. In quantitative estimation, Cinnamomum zeylanicum showed high alkaloid content (22%), Cissus qudrangularis showed high saponin content (6%) Trigonella foenum-graecum showed a high concentration (4.65 mg/g) of tannin. All the three plants showed moderate antimicrobial activity. The water extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum showed the highest zone of inhibition (13 mm) against Escherichia coli and the water extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum showed the highest zone of inhibition (11 mm) against Bacillus circulans. Conclusion: The result of this study supports the use of all the selected three medicinal plants as a source of antibacterial substance for the possible treatment of human pathogenic organisms. These plants can be further subjected to isolation of the therapeutic phytochemicals and further pharmacological evaluation.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon) Derived Phytochemicals against Aspartate Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase of Aspergillus fumigatus Causing Aspergillosis

Aspergillosis is an infection caused by a type of fungus. The illnesses is caused by aspergillosis infection and usually attack the respiratory system, but their signs and severity vary greatly. It has already been established that plant Cinnamomum zeylanicum belonging to the Lauraceae family has the potential to help controlling aspergillosis. This work is focused on the identification of the particular phytochemical responsible for inhibiting and decreasing the effect of aspergillosis. Molecular docking method applied using “Biovia Discovery Studio”. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” suggested that cinnamic acid can effectively deactivate aspergillosis.

Antimicrobial activity of Allium cepa and Cinnamomum zeylanicum against common bacteria causing urinary tract infections: in vitro study

Background: This study was undertaken to investigate and compare the antimicrobial effect of Onion bulbs (Allium cepa) and cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) against some common bacteria causing Urinary tract infection.Methods: Antimicrobial activity of the plant extract in different concentrations was observed. Commonly isolated bacteria from the urine samples of suspected and untreated patients which were found to be E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Results: The comparison between zones of inhibition showed a statistically significant data of both Allium cpea and Cinnamomum zeylanicum. The antimicrobial activity of cinnamon extract showed the maximum effect against Klebsiella pneumoniae, zone of inhibition 25.50 mm±3.72 with 2±l of extract and E. coli with zone of inhibition 11.72mm±1.86. The onion (Allium cepa) extract exhibited some antimicrobial effect, it was most effective against E. coli, though the effect was minimal.Conclusions: From the current study we conclude that the extract of onion and cinnamon bark are promising but were not as effective as the conventional antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin but can be a good alternative in selected group of patient.

Effects of the Mixture of ‎ Cynara cardunculus var scolymus and Cinnamomum zeylanicum on Hepatic Enzymes Activity and Lipid Profiles in Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Objective:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly going to be one of the most common metabolic diseases which can negatively affect the liver function and needs to be more explored within the context of new and efficient therapies. The aim of this study was to determine the benefit of Cynara cardunculus var scolymusand Cinnamomum zeylanicummixture infusion (1.5 and 0.25 g/100 mL and twice/day) on patients with NAFLD. Methods:The study was designed as a before-after clinical trial and performed on 20 patients having NAFLD. They were asked to use the mixture of extracts prepared in special bags twice a day for 30 days. Before and after using the mixture, Liver markers of NAFLD including alanin aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphates (ALP), cholesterol (chol), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and also, fatty liver ultrasonograhic grading were measured. Results:Treatment with mixture of extracts in patients with NAFLD resulted in a significant decrease in ALT, AST, and ALP. Also there was a significant improvement in lipid profile of the patients given by decreased TG, Chol, and LDL and increased HDL in serum. Moreover, a significant decrease in grade of sonographic examination was showed. No significant linear correlation was found between age, BMI and gender one way side and biochemical parameters and liver enzymes.Conclusion:Taken together, it is concluded that the mixture of Cynara cardunculusvar scolymus, Cinnamomum zeylanicumcan have beneficial effects on hepatic function and lipid profiles of patients with NAFLD

Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil and trans-Cinnamaldehyde against resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial do cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil e do trans-cinamaldeído contra mycobacterium tuberculosis resistente

The essential oil (EO) extracted from the bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Czey; also known as cinnamon), mostly derives its properties from its major compound trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCin). The present study evaluated the antimycobacterial activity of the essential oil from Czey (CzeyEO) and TCin against sensitive and resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as the combinatorial effects of CzeyEO and TCin with the anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH). The resazurin microtiter assay method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the components tested on the clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis. The effects of the CzeyEO/RIF, CzeyEO/INH, TCin/RIF, and TCin/INH combinations on the M. tuberculosis H37Rv reference strain were evaluated using the checkerboard method to determine the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). CzeyEO and TCin inhibited all bacterial clinical isolates. In the interactive experiment, CzeyEO and TCin were found to be highly effective in reducing the resistance of resistant M. tuberculosis to RIF and INH. All four tested combinations demonstrated synergistic and additive effects, with no antagonistic effects. The synergistic combinations of CzeyEO/RIF and CzeyEO/INH exhibited FICI values of 0.375 and 0.5, respectively, while the TCin/RIF and TCin/INH combinations exhibited FICI values of 0.31 and 0.5, respectively. These results indicate that CzeyEO and TCin are potential candidates for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis in combination therapy with INH and RIF.

O óleo essencial (EO) extraído da casca do Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CzeyEO), conhecido como canela, tem como seu principal composto o trans-cinamaldeído (TCin). O presente estudo avaliou a atividade antimicobacteriana de CzeyEO e do TCin contra isolados clínicos sensíveis e resistentes de Mycobacterium tuberculosis, bem como os efeitos das associações de CzeyEO e do TCin com os fármacos anti-TB, rifampicina (RIF) e isoniazida (INH). A técnica de ensaio de microtitulação da resazurina foi utilizada para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) dos componentes testados nos isolados clínicos de M. tuberculosis. Os efeitos das associações CzeyEO/RIF, CzeyEO/INH, TCin/RIF e TCin/INH contra a cepa de referência H37Rv de M. tuberculosis foram avaliados pelo método Checkerboard, determinando o índice de concentração inibitória fracionária (ICIF). Todos os isolados clínicos bacterianos foram inibidos por CzeyEO e TCin. As interações de CzeyEO e TCin foram altamente eficazes na redução da resistência do M. tuberculosisresistente a RIF e INH. Todas as quatro combinações testadas resultaram em efeitos sinérgicos e aditivos, sem efeito antagônico. Ambas as associações de sinergismo de CzeyEO/RIF e CzeyEO/INH mostraram valores de ICIF de 0,375 e 0,5, enquanto as associações de TCin/RIF e TCin/INH apresentaram valores de ICIF de 0,31 e 0,5. CzeyEO e TCin são potenciais candidatos em terapia combinada com INH e RIF para o tratamento da tuberculose resistente.

Essential oils of Tahiti lemon and cinnamon bark in control of storage fungi and the physiological and sanitary quality of beans / Óleos essenciais de limão Taiti e canela em casca no controle de fungos de armazenamento e na qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de feijão

With the objective to evaluate the efficiency of essential oils of Citrus latifolia (Tahiti lemon) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon bark) in the control of plant pathogens Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. and the quality of the bean seeds, two experiments were conducted. In the first one, the effect of essential oils of C. latifolia and C. zeylanicum was evaluated in vitro development of the fungi Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. and, in the second one, the influence of essential oils on the physiological and sanitary quality of bean seeds. The variables mycelial growth, conidial germination and sporulation of Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. were measured in the first experiment, while the seed germination test, first count of germination, germination speed index (GSI) and sanity test of bean seeds were measured in the second. The essential oil (EO) of C. zeylanicum was more efficient than C. latifolia in the control of Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp., but decreased the physiological quality of the beans seeds. The fungal diversity identified in the seed health test was composed by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Chaetomium and Rhizopus. The results indicate the potential of the use of these EOs in the seeds treatment.(AU)

Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência dos óleos essenciais de Citrus latifolia (limão taiti) e Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela em casca) no controle dos fitopatógenos Penicillium sp. e Aspergillus sp. e na qualidade das sementes de feijão, foram conduzidos dois experimentos. No primeiro, avaliou-se o efeito dos óleos essenciais de C. latifolia e C. zeylanicum no desenvolvimento in vitro dos fungos Penicillium sp. e Aspergillus sp. e, no segundo, a influência dos óleos essenciais sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes de feijão. As variáveis crescimento micelial, germinação de conídios e esporulação de Penicillium sp. e Aspergillus sp. foram aferidas no primeiro experimento, enquanto o teste de germinação de sementes, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e teste de sanidade de sementes de feijão foram aferidas no segundo. O óleo essencial (OE) de C. zeylanicum foi mais eficiente que C. latifolia no controle dos fungos Aspergillus sp. e Penicillium sp., mas diminuiu a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de feijão. A diversidade fúngica identificada no teste de sanidade de sementes foi composta por fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Chaetomium e Rhizopus. Os resultados indicam o potencial do uso desses óleos essenciais no tratamento de sementes.(AU)

Improvement in histology, enzymatic activity, and redox state of the liver following administration of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark oil in rats with established hepatotoxicity / 대한해부학회지

Formaldehyde (FA) is an environmentally-available pollutant. Since the liver acts as a detoxifier in the human body, it is the first and most affected organ in individuals exposed to higher-than-normal amounts of FA. FA mainly alters oxidant/antioxidant status and initiates oxidative stress, and by means, causes functional damage to the liver. Thus, it is important to identify natural bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties in order to be used as food additives. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is a popular flavor and also a medicinal plant with a variety of beneficial effects. In the present original study, cinnamon essential oil (CEO) has been administrated at doses of 10, 20, and 100 mg/kg, orally, to hepatotoxicity rat models caused by FA (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Liver enzymes and its histology were assessed and oxidative stress biomarkers in the liver tissue were also examined. CEO administration caused a significant increase in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase and a prominent decrease in nitric oxide levels in the liver tissue. Also, in serum samples, CEO significantly reduced the elevated amounts of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. When assessed histologically, portal area and central vein fibrosis alongside with the hepatocytes' hypereosinophilia and swelling, focal inflammation, and necrotic areas were found to be prominently decreased in the CEO group. In conclusion, our study suggested that the CEO may have the potential for being used against FA-induced hepatotoxicity.

Genotoxicity and antioxidant activity of spices and herbs used in brazilian cuisine / Genotoxicidade e atividade antioxidante de especiarias e ervas utilizadas na culinária brasileira

Spices are natural plant products, have been used not only as flavoring and coloring agents, but also as food preservatives and folk medicines throughout the world for thousands of years. Many spices also have been recognized by having both digestive stimulant and carminative actions and also antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anti-carcinogenic potential. Antioxidant and genotoxic potential of species commonly used in Brazil was evaluated. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using different methods, including DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing power (FRAP), iron ion chelating power, inhibition of lipid peroxidation (TBARS), NO radical scavenging, and oxidative hemolysis inhibition. Furthermore, the antigenotoxic activity was evaluated through mitotic index and chromosome aberration in Allium cepa roots. Quantification of total phenols and flavonoids carried out. The results with the Ocimum basilicum spices in the DPPH test showed activity (82.01%), FRAP (321.12 uM ET and iron chelating activity (94.18) and for the Cinnamomum zeylanicum spice in the TBARS test (18.52%) evaluated by different methods and mechanisms of inactivation of free radicals and according to the evaluation of genotoxicity by the Allium cepa test the spices do not present genotoxic effects.

As especiarias são produtos vegetais naturais, que foram utilizados não só como agentes aromatizantes e colorantes, mas também como conservantes de alimentos e medicamentos populares em todo o mundo há milhares de anos. Muitas especiarias também foram reconhecidas por ter estimulantes digestivos e ações carminativas e também potencial antimicrobiano, anti-inflamatório, antimutagênico e anticarcinogênico. O potencial antioxidante e genotóxico das espécies comumente utilizadas no Brasil foi avaliado. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada utilizando diferentes métodos, incluindo a atividade de eliminação de radicais DPPH, poder de redução férrica (FRAP), poder quelante de íons de ferro, inibição da peroxidação lipídica (TBARS), eliminação de radicais NO e inibição da hemólise oxidativa. Além disso, a atividade antigenotóxica foi avaliada através do índice mitótico e aberração cromossômica nas raízes do Allium cepa. Quantificação de fenóis totais e flavonoides realizados. Os resultados mostraram que as especiarias (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Origanum vulgare, Piper nigrum, Zingiber officinale e Ocimum basilicum) apresentaram atividade antioxidante avaliada por diferentes métodos e mecanismos de inativação de radicais livres e de acordo com a avaliação de genotoxicidade pelo teste Allium cepa as especiarias não apresentam efeitos genotóxicos.

Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Lippia alba, Lippia sidoides, Cymbopogon citrates, Plectranthus amboinicus, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum against Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Atividade antimicrobiana de leos essenciais de Lippia alba, Lippia sidoides, Cymbopogon citrates, Plectranthus amboinicus, e Cinnamomum zeylanicum em Mycobacterium tuberculosis

ABSTRACT: The rise in cases of antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis has become a major obstacle to the effective control of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. Essential oils (EO) are complex mixtures that may contain between 20 and 60 components, with two or three major compounds at relatively high concentrations (20-70%) that are responsible for their pharmacological properties. The objective of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of the EOs, bushy lippia (Lippia alba), rosemary pepper (Lippia sidoides), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), Mexican mint or Indian borage (Plectranthus amboinicus), and true cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Chemical characterization of the EOs was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution-based resazurin microtiter assay. Four EOs were able to inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis, with MICs of 286.5±130.2μg/mL (C. zeylanicum), 299.5±117.2μg/mL (L. sidoides), 351.6±39.06μg/mL (P. amboinicus), and 1,250μg/mL (C. citratus). Only the EO of L. alba showed no antimycobacterial activity at the tested concentrations, with an MIC greater than 1,250µg/mL. Results of this study suggested that C. zeylanicum, L. sidoides, and P. amboinicus could be important sources of bactericidal compounds against M. tuberculosis and require further investigation. The activity against M. tuberculosis of these three EOs has not been reported previously. The results show the high potential of the tested antimycobacterial EOs, making them a promising alternative for TB treatment. This data also confirms the importance of bioprospecting studies for active substances with antimycobacterial activity, which are still scarce.

RESUMO: O aumento no número de casos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistentes tem se tornado um grande obstáculo no controle efetivo da tuberculose (TB) mundialmente. Os óleos essenciais (OE), que são misturas complexas que podem conter entre 20 a 60 componentes, apresentam dois ou três compostos principais, em concentrações relativamente elevadas, 20 a 70%, que são responsáveis pelas suas propriedades farmacológicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicobacteriana dos seguintes óleos essenciais (OEs) em Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv: erva-cidreira (Lippia alba), alecrim-pimenta (Lippia sidoides), capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus), orégano (Plectranthus amboinicus) e canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). A caracterização química dos OEs foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) foi determinada pela técnica de microdiluição da resazurina. Quatro OEs foram capazes de inibir o crescimento de M. tuberculosis, com CIM de 286,5±130,2μg/mL (C. zeylanicum), 299,5±117,2μg/mL (L. sidoides), 351,6±39,06μg/mL (P. amboinicus) e 1250μg/mL (C. citratus). Somente o OE de L. alba não mostrou atividade antimicobacteriana nas conscentrações testadas, considerando CIM maiores que 1250µg/mL. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que L. sidoides, C. zeylanicum e P. amboinicus podem ser fontes importantes de compostos bactericidas contra M. tuberculosis e prováveis candidatos a serem investigados. A atividade contra M. tuberculosis desses três OEs não foi relatada em estudos anteriores. Os resultados mostram o elevado potencial antimicobacteriano dos OEs analisados, fazendo deles uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento da TB. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a importância de pesquisas para bioprospecção de substâncias ativas com ação antimicobacteriana, que ainda são escassas.

Ameliorative effects of type-A procyanidins polyphenols from cinnamon bark in compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation / 대한해부학회지

Allergic diseases are a significant health concern in developing countries. Type-A procyanidin polyphenols from cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) bark (TAPP-CZ) possesses antiasthmatic and antiallergic potential. The present study was aimed at the possible anti-allergic mechanism of TAPP-CZ against the compound 48/80 (C48/80)–induced mast cell degranulation in isolated rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs). TAPP-CZ (1, 3, 10, and 30 µg/ml) was incubated for 3 hours with isolated, purified RPMCs. The C48/80 (1 µg/ml) was used to induce mast cell degranulation. The mast cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay whereas histamine, β-hexosaminidase (β-HEX), and interleukin-4 (IL-4) levels were determined in RPMCs. TAPP-CZ (3, 10, and 30 µg/ml) showed significant and dose-dependent decrease in a number of degranulated cells and levels of markers (histamine, β-HEX, and IL-4) as compared with C48/80 control. In conclusion, TAPP-CZ stabilizes mast cell and cause inhibition of the allergic markers such as histamine, IL-4, and β-HEX in IgE-mediated manner. The present study supports mast cell stabilization as a possible mechanism of action of TAPP-CZ against immune respiratory disorders such as asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Effects of Cinnamon extract on biochemical enzymes, TNF-α and NF-κB gene expression levels in liver of broiler chickens inoculated with Escherichia coli / Efeitos de extrato de canela sobre os níveis de enzimas bioquímicos, e expressão de genes de TNF-α e NF-κB em fígado de frangos de corte inoculadas com Escherichia coli

Infection with Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common disease in poultry industry. The use of antibiotics to treat diseases is facing serious criticism and concerns. The medicinal plants may be effective alternatives because of their multiplex activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamon extract on the levels of liver enzymes, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) gene expressions in liver of broiler chickens infected with E. coli. Ninety Ross-308 broilers were divided into healthy or E. coli-infected groups, receiving normal or cinnamon extract (in concentrations of 100 or 200mg/kg of food) supplemented diets. E. coli suspension (108cfu) was injected subcutaneously after 12 days cinnamon administration. Seventy-two hours after E. coli injection, the blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis of liver enzymes in serum (spectrophotometrically), and liver tissue samples were obtained for detection of gene expression of inflammatory markers TNF-α and NF-κB, using real-time PCR. Infection with E. coli significantly increased the levels of TNF-α and NF-κB gene expressions as well as some liver enzymes including creatine-kinase (CK), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine-transferase (ALT) and aspartate-transferase (AST) as compared with control group (P<0.05). Pre-administration of cinnamon extract in broilers diet (in both concentrations) significantly reduced the tissue levels of TNF-α and NF-κB gene expressions and enzymes CK and ALT in serum of broiler chickens inoculated with E. coli in comparison with E. coli group (P<0.05 and P<0.01). The levels of LDH and AST were significantly decreased only by 200mg/kg cinnamon extract in infected broilers. The level of alkaline-phosphatase (ALP) was not affected in any groups. Pre-administration of cinnamon extract in diets of broiler chickens inoculated with E. coli could significantly reduce the gene expression levels...

Infecção ocasionada por Escherichia coli (E. coli) é uma enfermidade comum na indústria avícola. O uso de antibióticos para tratar doenças bacterianas vem enfrentando sérias críticas e preocupações. As plantas medicinais podem ser alternativas eficazes por causa de suas atividades sinérgicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do extrato de canela sobre os níveis de as enzimas hepáticas bem como sobre a expressão dos genes relativos, fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-α) e fator nuclear -kappa B (NF-κB) em fígado de frangos de corte infectados com E. coli. Noventa frangos Ross-308 foram divididos em grupos saudáveis ou infectados com E. coli, que receberam dietas controle ou com suplementação contendo extrato de canela (em concentrações de 100 ou 200 mg/kg de alimento). Suspensão de E. coli (108UFC) foi injetado por via subcutânea, após 12 dias de administração do extrato de canela. Setenta e duas horas após a injeção de E. coli, amostras de sangue foram colhidas para análise bioquímica das enzimas do fígado no soro (espectrofotometria), e amostras de tecido de fígado foram obtidas para a determinação da expressão de genes de marcadores inflamatórios TNF-α e NF-κB, através PCR em tempo real. A infecção com E. coli aumentou significativamente os níveis de expressão dos genes TNF-α e NF-κB, assim como algumas enzimas hepáticas, incluindo creatina-quinase (CK), lactato-desidrogenase (LDH), alanina-transferase (ALT) e aspartato-transferase (AST), em comparação com o grupo de controle (P<0.05). A pré-administração do extrato de canela na dieta dos frangos (em ambas as concentrações) reduziu significativamente os níveis de expressão tecidual de TNF-α e NF-kB, da mesma forma que das enzimas CK e ALT no soro de frangos infectados com E. coli, em comparação com o grupos somente infectado com E. coli (P<0.05 e P<0.01). Os níveis de LDH e AST foram significativamente menores apenas para o grupo suplementado com extrato de canela na concentração...

Atividade antifúngica de produtos naturais indicados por raizeiros para tratamento de candidíase oral / Actividad antifúngica de productos naturales indicados por vendedores de hierbas (raizeiros) para el tratamiento de la candidiasis oral / Antifungal activity of natural products indicated by herb sellers (raizeiros) for the treatment of oral candidiasis

A crescente resistência das leveduras pertencentes ao gênero Candida frente aos antifúngicos sintéticos, atualmente disponíveis no comércio, impulsiona a busca por novos compostos antifúngicos de origem vegetal. Assim, o propósito do presente estudo foi avaliar in vitro a atividade antifúngica dos decoctos de Schinus terebenthifolius Raddi (aroeira) Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breym (canela) e Punica granatum Linn (romã), vendidos por raizeiros em três feiras livres distintas (A, B e C), frente a três espécies de microorganismos do gênero Candida (C. albicans, C. tropicalis e C. krusei). O ensaio para determinação da atividade antifúngica dos produtos naturais foi realizado pelo método da difusão em meio sólido, em triplicata, onde discos de papel de filtro estéreis embebidos em 50 µL dos extratos foram colocados sobre o meio de cultura. Os resultados foram avaliados a partir da mensuração dos diâmetros dos halos de inibição de crescimento fúngico em milímetros (mm), sendo considerada a moda dos valores obtidos. Foi observada atividade antifúngica de S. terebenthifolius Raddi e de C. zeylanicum Breym sobre C. krusei. No entanto, diferenças foram identificadas entre os produtos obtidos nos diferentes locais. O decocto de Punica granatum Linn apresentou atividade antifúngica sobre as três cepas fúngicas utilizadas no estudo. Também foram verificadas diferenças entres os produtos obtidos nas feiras livres, sendo que apenas as amostras de Punica granatum Linn provenientes da feira A foram capazes de inibir o crescimento fúngico de todas as cepas analisadas. Desta forma, conclui-se que todos os produtos avaliados apresentam atividade antifúngica, havendo diferenças relacionadas aos locais de sua obtenção e sensibilidade das cepas ensaiadas(AU)

La resistencia cada vez mayor de levaduras del género candida a los antifúngicos sintéticos disponibles en la actualidad ha llevado a la búsqueda de nuevos compuestos antifúngicos de origen vegetal. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad antifúngica in vitro de decocciones de Schinus terebenthifolius Raddi (pimentero brasileño),Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breym (canela) y Punica granatum Linn (granada) sobre tres especies del género Candida (C. albicans, C . tropicalis y C. krusei). Este material vegetal fue vendido por vendedores de hierbas (raizeiros) en tres ferias callejeras distintas (A, B y C). El ensayo para determinar la actividad antifúngica de los productos se realizó por triplicado. Se empleó el método de difusión en medio sólido, en el que discos de papel de filtro estériles fueron empapados en 50 µL de los extractos y colocados en medio de cultivo. Los datos fueron evaluados mediante la medición de los diámetros de los halos de inhibición del crecimiento fúngico, en milímetros, y se consideró la moda de los valores encontrados. Se observó actividad antifúngica de S. terebinthifolius Raddi y C. zeylanicum Breym contra C. krusei, pero fueron identificadas diferencias entre los productos obtenidos en diferentes lugares. La decocción de Punica granatum Linn presentó actividad antifúngica sobre las tres levaduras en estudio. Además, se encontraron diferencias entre los productos adquiridos en las ferias callejeras, pero sólo las muestras de Punica granatum Linn de la feria A fueron capaces de inhibir el crecimiento de hongos de todas las levaduras analizadas. Todos los productos evaluados mostraron actividad antifúngica, pero hubo diferencias en función de la localidad donde los productos fueron obtenidos y de la sensibilidad a las cepas ensayadas(AU)

An increasing resistance of Candida yeasts to the synthetic antifungals currently available has driven the search for new plant-derived antifungal compounds. In this respect, the present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of decoctions from Schinus terebenthifolius Raddi (Brazilian pepper tree), Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breym (cinnamon) and Punica granatum Linn (pomegranate) against three species of Candida genus (C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. krusei). Such plant material was sold by herb sellers in three distinct street fairs (A, B and C). The test to determine the products antifungal activity was performed in triplicate by means of the diffusion method on solid medium, in which sterile filter paper discs were soaked in 50 µL of the extracts and then placed on culture medium. Data were assessed by measuring the diameters of halos of fungal growth inhibition, in millimeters (mm), and it was considered the mode of the values found. Antifungal activity of S. terebinthifolius Raddi and C. zeylanicum Breym was observed against C. krusei, but were identified differences among the products obtained in different locations. Punica granatum Linn decoction presented antifungal activity on the three yeasts under study. Also, were found differences among the products acquired in the street fairs, but only the samples of Punica granatum Linn from fair A were able to inhibit fungal growth of all yeasts analyzed. Thus, it is concluded that all the products assessed showed antifungal activity, but differences were found depending on the location where these were obtained and on the sensitivity to the strains assayed(AU)

Modulatory activity of a polyphenolic fraction of Cinnamomum zeylanicum L. bark on multiple arms of immunity in normal and immunocompromised mice.

To evaluate immunomodulatory activity of polyphenolic fraction of Cinnamomum zeylanicumbark (PP-CZ) against infection-related conditions using normal and immune-compromised mice. The normal and cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced immune-compromised mice were sensitized with SRBCs and PP-CZ (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered orally for 7 days. The haemagglutinin (HA) antibody titres (primary and secondary) and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response was measured at 7- and 14-days postimmunization, respectively. In separate experiments, effects of PP-CZ on numbers of resident peritoneal macrophages in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), against host resistance (E coli-induced abdominal sepsis) and phagocytic activity against Candida albicans were evaluated in mice. PP-CZ had shown a have beneficial effects on multiple arms of theimmune system in animal models and improves humoral (antibody production), cellular (DTH) and innate (PMN phagocytosis) responses of the immune system, as well as numbers of resident peritoneal macrophages. PP-CZ also showed protection to mice against lethal E. coli abdominal sepsis. PP-CZ demonstrated significant immunomodulatory activity through multiple arms of immunity in normal and infection-related immuno-compromised conditions.

Avaliação da atividade antibacteriana in vitro da aroeira (SCHINUS TEREBINTHIFOLIUS) e da canela (CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM) frente a linhagens gram positivas e gram negativas / Antibacterial activity “in vitro” of mastic (Schinus terebinthifolius) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) strains against Gram positive and Gram negative

Devido ao número crescente de resistência bacteriana às múltiplas drogas antimicrobianas, há uma busca incessante por novas estratégias terapêuticas, e as plantas medicinais representam uma importante fonte para obtenção de novas substâncias. A atividade antimicrobiana de extratos e óleos essenciais de plantas medicinais tem sido comprovada em diversos estudos realizados em países com flora diversificada. Objetivo: avaliar a atividade antibacteriana dos extratos hidroalcoólicos das folhas e casca da aroeira, do óleo essencial obtido do fruto da árvore, conhecido como pimenta-rosa, do extrato e do óleo essencial de canela e avaliar o potencial sinérgico entre os óleos essenciais sobre linhagens ATCC de Enterococcus faecalis (29212), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27853), Staphylococcus aureus (25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). Método: O teste de susceptibilidade bacteriana foi realizado pelo método da difusão sobre ágar Mueller-Hinton utilizando discos de papel impregnado com as substâncias em teste. Resultados: Para a E. coli, o extrato das folhas da aroeira e o óleo essencial dos frutos da árvore apresentaram atividade antibacteriana. Todas as linhagens em teste foram sensíveis ao óleo essencial de canela. Observou-se baixo potencial sinérgico entre os óleos essenciais frente à linhagem de S. aureus. Conclusão: O óleo essencial de canela apresenta atividade antibacteriana frente a linhagens Gram positivas e Gram negativas. Houve sinergismo entre os óleos essenciais frente a linhagem S. aureus. Os extratos hidroalcoólicos da casca da aroeira e de canela não apresentaram atividade antibacteriana. Futuras pesquisas devem ser realizadas para definição da melhor concentração e melhor solução extratora para as cascas da aroeira e de canela...

Due to the increasing number of bacterial resistance to multiple antimicrobial drugs, there is a constant search for new therapeutic strategies, and medicinal plants represent an important source for obtaining new substances. The antimicrobial activity of extracts and essential oils of medicinal plants has been proven in several studies conducted in countries with diverse flora. Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves and bark of the mastic, the essential oil obtained from the fruit of the tree, known as pink pepper, extract and essential oil of cinnamon and evaluate the synergistic potential between the essential oils on lines on ATCC strains of Enterococcus faecalis (29212), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27853), Staphylococcus aureus 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). Method: Bacterial susceptibility testing was conducted by the diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar using paper discs impregnated with tesubstances. Results: For E. coli, the extract from the leaves of the mastic and the essential oil of the fruit of the tree showed antibacterial activity. Result: All test strains were sensitive to the essential oil of cinnamon. We observed low synergistic potential between essential oils against the strain of S. aureus. Conclusion: The essential oil of cinnamon has antibacterial activity against Gram positive strains and Gram negative. There was synergism between essential oils against S. aureus strain. The hydroalcoholic extracts of the bark of the mastic and cinnamon showed no antibacterial activity. Future research should be conducted to define the best concentration and better extraction solution to the shells of mastic and cinnamon...

Allelopathic effect of essential oils of medicinal plants in Bidens pilosa L / Efeito Alelopático de oleos essencias de plantas medicinais em Bidens pilosa L

We determined the inhibitory allelopathic effects of the volatile extracts of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ness, Lippia sidoides Cham. and Cymbopogum nardus L. on seed germination and root growth of seedlings of Bidens pilosa. The experiment was conducted at the Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Ceará. For this end, we used oils at the concentrations of 0.01, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08% (v/v). Five treatments were used for each of the oils arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications of 25 seeds. The seeds were sown in Petri dishes lined with filter paper moistened with distilled water and, aiming at the indirect contact with each oil, two sheets of filter paper were placed on top of the lid, in which three (3) mL of each oil solution were added. Then, the dishes were incubated in a germination chamber at 25°C. The pH did not contribute to alter the results; the volatile extracts of essential oils of C. zeylanicum, L. sidoides and C. nardus inhibited seed germination and root growth of seedlings of B. pilosa, which shows allelopathic potential; and the concentration of 0.08% of oils caused the overall deterioration of the roots and death of seedlings of B. pilosa.

Determinou-se o efeito alelopático inibitório dos extratos voláteis de Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ness, Lippia sidoides Cham. e Cymbopogum nardus L., sobre a germinação de sementes e o crescimento de raiz de plântulas de Bidens pilosa. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Análises de Sementes do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal do Ceará. Para isso, utilizaram-se óleos essenciais nas concentrações 0,01, 0,02, 0,04 e 0,08%. (v/v). Foram utilizados cinco tratamentos para cada óleo dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições de 25 sementes. As sementes foram semeadas em placas de Petri forradas com papel de filtro umedecido com água destilada e, visando o contato indireto com cada óleo, foram colocadas duas folhas de papel de filtro na parte superior interna da tampa, onde foi adicionado 3(três) mL da solução de cada óleo. Em seguida, as placas foram incubadas em câmara de germinação a 25ºC. O pH não contribuiu para alterar os resultados; os extratos voláteis de óleos essenciais de C. zeylanicum, L. sidoides and C. nardus inibiram a germinação de sementes e o crescimento da raiz de plântulas de B. pilosa, evidenciando potencial alelopático; a concentração de 0,08% dos óleos causaram a deterioração total das raízes e morte das plântulas de B. pilosa.

Anti-Candida activity and chemical composition of Cinnamomum zeylanicum blume essential oil

The purpose of this study was to identify the anti-Candida activity and chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon). For this, tests were conducted to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) and the action of C. zeylanicum EO on fungal cell wall of Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and C. krusei strains. The composition of the was analysed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Significant antifungal activity of the EO was observed on the strains tested, with 87.5% and 62.5% of them sensitive, respectively at a MIC of 312.5 µg/mL and MFC of 2500 µg/mL. In the presence of sorbitol, the MIC was 625 µg/mL against all the strains, showing a possible action of the EO on fungal cell wall. Eugenol (73.27%) and trans-β-caryophyllene (5.38%) were found in higher concentrations. The results indicated anti-Candida activity of the EO analyzed and suggested that it occurred due to the action on fungal cell wall.

Efecto combinado del aceite esencial de Cinnamomum zeylanicum blume y nistatina sobre cepas de Candida no-albicans / Combined effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum blume essential oil and nystatin on strains of non-albicans Candida

Introduction: considering the emergence of resistant species of albicans and non-albicans Candida to agents therapeutically available as a result of the increased number of immunocompromised population and of the increasingly frequent use of prophylaxis and empirical treatment with antifungals, it's verified that there is a clear and emerging need to introduce new antimicrobials agents in the therapeutic arsenal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume alone and combined with Nystatin on strains of C. tropicalis and C. krusei. Methods: this was an experimental research in laboratory. It was determined the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, using the microdilution method, as well as the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration to determine the possible synergistic effects of the association. Strains of C. tropicalis ATCC 40147 and C. krusei ATCC 40042 were used in the tests. When assessed separately, C. zeylanicum essential oil and Nystatin presented Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of 312,5 µg/mL and 64 µg/mL, respectively, on both tested strains. Results: When combined, were found Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of 39 µg/mL and 32 µg/mL for the essential oil and for Nystatin, respectively. The Fractional Inhibitory Concentration value was 0,6024 for both tested strains, indicating additivity of the inhibitory effect on fungal growth. Conclusions: the results indicate that C. zeylanicum essential oil has antifungal activity against the strains of non-albicans Candida evaluated and that its association with Nystatin potentiates this effect(AU)

Introducción: es necesaria la introducción de nuevos agentes antimicrobianos por el surgimiento de especies de Candida albicans y no albicans resistentes a los agentes terapéuticos disponibles .El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la actividad antifúngica del aceite esencial de Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume aislado y asociado con nistatina sobre cepas Candida tropicalis y Candida krusei. Métodos: se realizó una investigación experimental de laboratorio. La concentración mínima inhibitoria fue determinada utilizando el método de microdilución, y la concentración inhibitoria fraccionada se usó para determinar los posibles efectos sinérgicos de la asociación. Para las pruebas fueron utilizadas las cepas de C. tropicalis ATCC 40147 y C. krusei ATCC 40042. Se usaron el aceite esencial de C. zeylanicum y nistatina. Cuando fueron evaluados por separado presentaron la concentración mínima inhibitoria de 312,5 µg/mL y de 64 µg/mL, respectivamente, sobre ambas cepas ensayadas. Resultados: una vez asociados, la concentración mínima inhibitoria fue de 39 µg/mL para el aceite esencial y de 32 µg/mL para la nistatina. El valor de la concentración inhibitoria fraccionada para ambas cepas probadas fue de 0,6024, lo que indica adicción del efecto inhibidor sobre el crecimiento de hongos. Conclusiones: los resultados indican que el aceite esencial de C. zeylanicum tiene actividad antifúngica frente a las cepas de Candida no albicans y que la asociación del mismo con la nistatina promueve la potenciación de este efecto(AU)

Essential oil of Origanum majorana L., Illicium verum Hook. f. and Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume: chemical and antimicrobial characterization / Óleos essenciais de Origanum majorana L., Illicium verum Hook. f. e Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume: caracterização química e antimicrobiana

Essential oils of Origanum majorana L. (marjoram), Illicium verum Hook. f. (star-anise) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (cinnamon) were obtained by steam distillation using a modified Clevenger device. The antimicrobial activity of each oil was evaluated against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus by observing their growth and/or mycelial inhibition through comparison with the standard dish (without oil). The essential oils were analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer for identification and coupled to a flame ionization detector for quantification. The major constituents of marjoram, star-anise and cinnamon essential oils were 4-terpineol, trans-anetole and cinnamic aldehyde, respectively. In in vitro tests, essential oils of marjoram and cinnamon promoted an inhibitory effect on the bacteria S. aureus and E. coli, while the essential oil of star-anise presented activity only against E. coli. Marjoram, star-anise and cinnamon oils were effective against the studied fungi, presenting an inhibitory effect. The minimal inhibitory concentration for the mycelial growth of A. parasiticus was 1 and 0.01 µL mL-1 for star-anise and cinnamon oils, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration for A. parasiticus was 0.25, 2 and 2 µL mL-1 for cinnamon, star-anise and marjoram oils, respectively.

Óleos essenciais de Origanum majorana L. (manjerona), Illicium verum Hook. f. (anis estrelado) e Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (canela) foram obtidos pela técnica de arraste a vapor d'água com aparelho de Clevenger modificado. Foram avaliadas as atividades antimicrobianas de cada um sobre as bactérias Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e para os fungos Aspergillus flavus e Aspergillus parasiticus, observando o crescimento e/ou inibição micelial, comparando-se estes com a placa-padrão (sem óleo). Os óleos essenciais foram analisados em cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado a espectrômetro de massa para a identificação e cromatógrafo gasoso com detector de ionização de chamas para a quantificação dos compostos. Os principais constituintes dos óleos essenciais de manjerona, anis-estrelado e canela foram o 4-terpineol, trans-anetol e aldeído cinâmico, respectivamente. Nos testes in vitro, os óleos essenciais de manjerona e canela promoveram efeito inibitório sobre as bactérias S. aureus e E. coli, enquanto o óleo essencial de anis estrelado apresentou atividade apenas frente E. coli. Os óleos de manjerona, anis estrelado e canela foram efetivos sobre os fungos estudados, apresentando efeito inibitório. A concentração mínima inibitória pra o crescimento micelial de A. parasiticus foi de 1 e 0,01 µL mL-1 para os óleos de anis-estrelado e canela, respectivamente. Enquanto a concentração mínima inibitória para A. parasiticus foi de 0,25; 2 e 2 µL mL-1 para os óleos de canela, anis-estrelado e manjerona, respectivamente.